Skip to content
Exploring Art with Alessandro
MENUMENU
  • Posts
  • Painting
    • 4000 BC - 400 AD ANCIENT ART
      • Mesopotamian Art painting
      • Ancient Egyptian painting
      • Ancient Greek painting
    • 1700 BC - 476 AD ROMAN ART
      • Ancient Roman painting
    • 476 - 1400 MEDIEVAL ART
      • Romanesque painting
      • Gothic/Medieval painting
    • 1400 -1600 RENAISSANCE
      • Renaissance painting
    • 1600 - 1780 BAROQUE
      • Baroque painting
    • 1750-1900 Modern Art overture
      • Romanticism
  • Sculpture
    • 4000 B.C. - 400 A.D. ANCIENT ART
      • Mesopotamian Art sculpture
      • Ancient Egyptian sculpture
      • Ancient Greek sculpture
    • 1700 BC - 476 AD ROMAN ART
      • Ancient Roman sculpture
    • 476 - 1400 MEDIEVAL ART
      • Romanesque sculpture
      • Gothic/Medieval sculpture
    • 1400 -1600 RENAISSANCE
      • Renaissance sculpture
    • 1600 - 1780 BAROQUE
      • Baroque sculpture
  • Architecture
    • 4000 BC - 400 AD ANCIENT ART
      • Mesopotamian Art architecture
      • Ancient Egyptian architecture
      • Ancient Greek architecture
    • 1700 BC - 476 AD ROMAN ART
      • Ancient Roman architecture
    • 476 - 1400 MEDIEVAL ART
      • Romanesque architecture
      • Gothic/Medieval architecture
    • 1400 -1600 RENAISSANCE
      • Renaissance architecture
    • 1600 - 1780 BAROQUE
      • Baroque architecture
  • Timeline
    • Timeline – Ancient Roman Art
    • Timeline Renaissance
    • Timeline Baroque
  • Contact
  • Glossary
Menu Close
Sumerian Art – Introduction
Mesopotamian Art architecture / Mesopotamian Art painting / Mesopotamian Art sculpture

Sumerian Art – Introduction

Hi everyone! Today we are going to start a new series about one of the most ancient art styles: Sumerian.

0 Comments
January 12, 2021

Recent Posts

  • Bernini – Fontana dei quattro fiumi
  • Gentile da Fabriano – Adoration of the Magi
  • The Pantheon: why it still inspires modern architecture?
  • Leonardo’s Virgin of the Rocks revealed
  • Zoomorphism explained

exploring_art_with_alessandro

Alessandro
"Palette of King Narmer", 3200-3000 BC, gray-green "Palette of King Narmer", 3200-3000 BC, gray-green siltstone, 64x42 cm (25.1x16.5 in), Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt This ceremonial palette is one of the most important Egyptian artifacts. One of the reasons is that it is one of the first works of art filled with iconographic characteristics that are going to remain conventional for 3000 years! Like the two-dimensional and profile figures, the scene organized in horizontal zones known as registers, the use of the hierarchical scale, the symbols. Enjoy my Youtube video: https://youtu.be/wSvDKQruxPA #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #ancienthistory #egyptian #egyptianart #egypt #paletteofkingnarmer #narmer #exploring_art_with_alessandro #ancientartifacts #ancientartifact #ancientegypt #ceremonialpalette #sculpture #geroglifici #geroglificiegizi #hieroglyphs #hieroglyphics #egyptianmuseum #egyptianmuseumcairo #cairo
Zoomorphism, what does this word mean? It derives Zoomorphism, what does this word mean? It derives from the Greek zōon, meaning "animal", and morphē, meaning "shape" or "form". So Zoomorphism means assigning a person, event, object or a deity with animalistic characteristics. Do you want to learn more? Check the new Youtube video https://youtu.be/tFw3oxX2jRQ #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #zoomorphic #zoomorphism #zoomorphism_character #ancienthistory #exploring_art_with_alessandro #ancientartifacts #ancientartifact #ancientegypt
Stigmate di san Francesco, Giotto, 1295-1300, Temp Stigmate di san Francesco, Giotto, 1295-1300, Tempera and gold on panel, 313 × 163 cm (123 × 64 in) Louvre, Paris The Louvre's Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata is a stunning piece of art painted by the great Giotto that is sure to leave a lasting impression on any viewer. The painting depicts the moment when Saint Francis of Assisi receives the stigmata, the wounds of Jesus Christ, on his hands, feet, and side. Giotto's masterful use of light and color in this painting is truly breathtaking. The golden light that surrounds Saint Francis creates a sense of holiness and reverence, while the naturalistic depiction of the surrounding landscape adds a sense of realism and immediacy to the scene. #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #giotto #sanfrancesco #sanfrancescodassisi #stigma #italy #italia #italyart #exploring_art_with_alessandro #louvremuseum #louvre #medieval #medievalart #nativity #jesus #jesuschrist #mary #virginmary #angel #art #arte #tempera #painting
"The Thinker", Auguste Rodin, 1880, 200×130×140 "The Thinker", Auguste Rodin, 1880, 200×130×140 cm Musée Rodin, Parigi It is one of the most iconic sculptures of all time and it depicts a man sitting in deep thought, with his chin resting on his hand and his elbow resting on his knee. The sculpture is cast in bronze and stands at over 6 feet tall. The figure in "The Thinker" is often thought to be a representation of the poet Dante Alighieri, who is the main character in Rodin's Gates of Hell sculpture. However, Rodin himself stated that the figure was a "simple thinker" and not intended to be any specific person. The sculpture has been widely interpreted as a symbol of contemplation and introspection, with the figure lost in deep thought. The muscular form and intense expression on the figure's face convey a sense of power and determination. "The Thinker" was initially intended as a part of a larger commission for the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris, but it was eventually exhibited as a standalone piece and became an instant success. Today, it can be found in several museums and public spaces around the world, including the Rodin Museum in Paris and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The Thinker is considered one of the most important sculptures of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and continues to be a source of inspiration for artists and thinkers around the world.
Vincent van Gogh's "Sunflowers" series is one of t Vincent van Gogh's "Sunflowers" series is one of the most iconic and recognizable collections of art in the world. The series, which consists of several paintings and drawings of sunflowers in vases, was created by Van Gogh in 1888 and 1889 while he was living in Arles, France. The paintings are known for their bold use of color and thick, impasto brushstrokes. The sunflowers themselves are depicted in a variety of stages of blooming, and are arranged in a way that creates a sense of movement and energy within the composition. One of the most famous paintings in the series, "Sunflowers" (1888), features a vase of sunflowers in a yellow-orange color scheme. The bright yellow petals of the flowers are set against a blue background, creating a striking contrast and emphasizing the vibrant color of the blooms. This painting is considered a masterpiece of post-Impressionism, a movement that Van Gogh was heavily influenced by.
"Fontana dei quattro fiumi", Gian Lorenzo Bernini, "Fontana dei quattro fiumi", Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1648–1651, Piazza Navona, Rome 🎬 new video! https://youtu.be/sasO5l6BKRI The four river gods represent the four major rivers of the four continents through which papal authority had spread: the Nile for Africa, the Danube for Europe, the Ganges for Asia, and the Río de la Plata for the Americas. And that’s why the name (translated) Fountain of the 4 rivers. By the way, Río de la Plata for the Americas since Mississippi and Amazon were not known for their entire length. The four river gods are of course allegories and each of them carry symbols, animals and plants that help to identify them without using names. And so we have the Ganges carrying a long oar, representing the river's navigability. The Danube touching the Pope's personal coat of arms, probably to symbolize that it is the large river closest to Rome. The Nile is draping his head with a piece of cloth, meaning that no one at that time knew exactly where the Nile's source was. And next to him we can see a palm: a common plant in Egypt. And then the Río de la Plata is sitting on a pile of coins, a symbol of the Americas’ richness, and who he looks scared by something. A funny legend says that Bernini positioned the Rio de la Plata River like if the sculpture was fearing the facade of the church of Sant'Agnese that is in front of the fountain and it was made by his rival Borromini. We learned about this great artist in one of my previous videos, check in the description if you would like to know more. The truth is that the church was built after the fountain and the Río de la Plata is scared by the snake on the top of the rocks. . #art #artwork #arthistory #arttherapy #exploring_art_with_alessandro #rome #roma #italy #italia #artitaly #art_italia #artrome #baroque #baroqueart #baroquestyle #masterpiece #fountainofthefourrivers #fontanadeiquattrofiumi #fontana #gianlorenzobernini #gianlorenzoberninisculpture #bernini #sculpture #sculpture_art #whitemarble #marble #trompeloeil #theatrical #loveitaly #loveitalia
🎬 Ready for a new video? Here just a little de 🎬 Ready for a new video? Here just a little detail. Don't miss the video tomorrow: https://www.youtube.com/@ExploringArtwithAlessandro #art #artwork #arthistory #arttherapy #exploring_art_with_alessandro #italy #italia #artitaly #art_italia #sculpture #sculpture_art #whitemarble #marble #loveitaly #loveitalia
"The Calling of St Matthew", 1599–1600, Oil on c "The Calling of St Matthew", 1599–1600, Oil on canvas, 322 x 340cm (127 x 130in) Church of San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome Happy New Year! The majestic oil on canvas was completed in 1599–1600 for the Contarelli Chapel in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome, where it remains today. It hangs alongside two other paintings of Matthew by Caravaggio, “The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew” (painted around the same time as the Calling) and “The Inspiration of Saint Matthew” (1602). 🎬 enjoy the video: https://youtu.be/Xirnjj2iv38 #baroque #caravaggio #caravaggismo #jesus #art #artwork #arttherapy #exploring_art_with_alessandro #rome #italy #italia #oilpainting #oiloncanvas #michelangelomerisi #michelamgelomerisidacaravaggio #roma #arthistory #chiaroscuro #chiaroscuroinspired #chiaroscuropainting
"A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jat "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte", Georges Seurat, 1884, oil on canvas, 207.6 cm × 308 cm (81.7 in × 121.25 in) Art Institute of Chicago Inspired by optical effects and perception inherent in the color theories of Michel Eugène Chevreul, Ogden Rood and others, Seurat adapted this scientific research to his painting. Seurat contrasted miniature dots or small brushstrokes of colors that when unified optically in the human eye were perceived as a single shade or hue. He believed that this form of painting, called Divisionism at the time (a term he preferred), but now known as Pointillism, would make the colors more brilliant and powerful than standard brushstrokes. 🎬 enjoy the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pH_KOjc9yLM #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #painting #paintings #oilpainting #exploring_art_with_alessandro #seurat #georgeseraut #Divisionism #Pointillism #france #musuem #museumvisit #artinstituteofchicago #chicago #modernart #modernartist #contemporaryart #modernpaintings #modernpainting
Pyramid of Menkaure, 2532 – 2515 BC, 61 m (204 f Pyramid of Menkaure, 2532 – 2515 BC, 61 m (204 ft) tall, base 102,2 x 104,6 (335 × 343 ft) The Pyramid of Menkaure has been built to serve as the tomb of the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Menkaure (or Micerinos in Greek). It is interesting that this building represents the end of the period of the giant pyramids that started with Menkaure’s father Khafra and his grandfather Khufu. The location in the Giza necropolis, few hundred yards southwest of its larger neighbours, is not casual: even if Menkaure’s pyramid is smaller he wanted to continue the family lineage. #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #ancienthistory #egyptian #egyptianart #egypt #pyramid #pyramidsofgiza #exploring_art_with_alessandro #ancientartifacts #ancientartifact #ancientegypt #sculpture #geroglifici #geroglificiegizi #hieroglyphs #hieroglyphics #menkaure #menkaurepyramid #khafre #khafrepyramid #khufu #khufupyramid #cheops #cheopspyramid
Nativity (predella from Adoration of the Magi), Ge Nativity (predella from Adoration of the Magi), Gentile da Fabriano, 1423, 300×282 cm Uffizi Gallery, Firenze Merry Christmas #art #arthistory #exploring_art_with_alessandro #education #artclass #artclasses #christmas #christmas2022 #gentiledafabriano #nativity #gothic #middleages #renaissance #uffizi #museum #museumfromhome #painting #paintingoftheday
The Adoration of the Magi by Gentile da Fabriano i The Adoration of the Magi by Gentile da Fabriano is one of the most iconic Gothic paintings depicting an important Christmas scene. A good way to wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. 🎬 new video: https://youtu.be/9qdEDMIq4W4 🎁 🎁 🎁 ENJOY YOUR FREE GIFT ON PATREON: https://www.patreon.com/posts/76296551 #art #arthistory #exploring_art_with_alessandro #education #artclass #artclasses #christmas #christmas2022 #gentiledafabriano #nativity #gothic #middleages #renaissance #uffizi #museum #museumfromhome #painting #paintingoftheday
"Head of a Roman Patrician", 1st century AD, Colle "Head of a Roman Patrician", 1st century AD, Collezione Torlonia, Rome, Italy That could look a bit scary, but he tells us a lot of information! In particular how the Romans looked like ;-) I am not kidding because the extreme realism that shows a man tired and aged with deep wrinkles, sagging jowls and corrugated forehead was an important value and it hides a deeper meaning. Learn more on my Youtube video: https://youtu.be/Ftbr9NFVuZc #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #romanart #ancienthistory #ancient_roman #ancient_rome #torlonia #headsculpt #headsculpture #patrician #romanpatrician #exploring_art_with_alessandro #rome #roma #italy #italytravel #italy_art #musuem #verism #realism #sculpture #sculptureart #sculpture_art #romanculture #romanculturalheritage
Ready for a new Christmas video? Just a few more d Ready for a new Christmas video? Just a few more days :-) In the meantime enjoy the previous one: 🎬👉 https://youtu.be/EbmJP8fnjzc Alessandro #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #ancienthistory #nativity #giotto #adorationofthemagi #adorationofthesheperds #caravaggio #caravaggiostyle #snowatargenteuil #claudemonet #monet #botticelli #sandrobotticelli #themysticalnativity #gentiledafabriano #guidoreni #avercamphendrick #avercamp #awinterscenewithskatersnearacastle #merrychristmas #merrychristmas2022 #happynewyear #happynewyear2022 #exploring_art_with_alessandro
"Madonna of the Magnificat", Raffaello, 1481, temp "Madonna of the Magnificat", Raffaello, 1481, tempera on panel, 118 cm diameter (46 in) Uffizi Galleries, Florence A round painting?? Actually during Renaissance they were pretty common as a gift. The work portrays the Virgin Mary crowned by two angels while she is writing the Magnificat with her right hand and holds Jesus. #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #raffaello #madonna #magnificat #tondo #painting #exploring_art_with_alessandro #italy #italyart #renaissance #renaissanceart #tempera #masterpiece #masterpieces #uffizi #uffizigallery #uffizimuseum #uffizigalleries #florence #firenze #tempera
"Laocoon and his Sons" (detail), between 1st centu "Laocoon and his Sons" (detail), between 1st century BC and 1st century AD, marble, 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in height, Vatican Musuems, Rome, Italy This ancient masterpiece inspired many Renaissance artists, among them: Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Yes, maybe you could think it’s a Renaissance sculpture, but actually it’s a really ancient masterpiece, probably a Roman marble copy from a Greek Hellenistic bronze commissioned for the home of a wealthy family between the 1 century BC and the first century AD. The statue depicts the Trojan priest Laocoön and his sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus being attacked by sea serpents. 🎬Learn more on the Youtube video: https://youtu.be/q5SZokW-OOI #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #romanart #ancienthistory #ancient_roman #ancient_rome #laocoonte #laoccon #laocoonandhissons #vatican #vaticancity #vaticanmuseum #exploring_art_with_alessandro #rome #roma #italy #italytravel #italy_art #musuem #realism #sculpture #sculptureart #sculpture_art #romanculture #romanculturalheritage #marble
"The Raft of the Medusa", Théodore Géricault, 18 "The Raft of the Medusa", Théodore Géricault, 1818-1819, oil on canvas, 491×716 cm (16x23 ft) Louvre, Paris, France 🎨This dramatic and messy scene depicts a tragic event that became a huge public embarrassment for the French monarchy. Inspired by a real tragedy, The Raft of the Medusa is a real Romantic painting were we can see the how men are really passive inside a nature that can decide in any moment to crush them or keep them alive. 🎬 Enjoy the Youtube video: https://youtu.be/hNe6N4UaZsw #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #ancienthistory #romnticism #romanticismpainting #romanticismpainter #theraftofthemedusa #theraftofmedusa #theraftofthemedusaaftergericault #gericault #gericaulttheodore #painting #paintings #oilpainting #oiloncanvas #oiloncanvaspainting #exploring_art_with_alessandro #louvre #louvremuseum #paris #parismuseum #france #franceart #museedulouvre #musée
Pantheon, from 27 BC – 14 AD to 125-128 AD, Rome Pantheon, from 27 BC – 14 AD to 125-128 AD, Rome, Italy I know it seems impossible, but the Pantheon is almost 2,000 years old. It is in fact one of the best preserved ancient Roman monuments. How is that possible? Well in 609 it was converted into a Christian church and the consecration saved it (almost) from the abandonment, destruction and the spoliation that happened to the majority of ancient Rome's buildings. "almost" since the Pantheon got actually spoliated of most of its materials and we can see today is just what survived. 🎬 enjoy the last video: https://youtu.be/hY4IgdKr7_4 #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #romanart #ancienthistory #ancient_roman #ancient_rome #exploring_art_with_alessandro #rome #roma #italy #italytravel #italy_art #italian_architecture #architecture #architecturelovers #ancient_roman_architecture #pantheon #pantheonrome
"Vézelay Abbey's portal", 1120 – 1150, Vézelay "Vézelay Abbey's portal", 1120 – 1150, Vézelay, France It seems a simple door, but it is actually a portal to history and Medieval legends. We are in a small French village called Vézelay where we can visit an abbey church that is in the list of the World Heritage sites since 1979. In the center we see Jesus with 6 Apostles on his sides while he is sending them to spread the Gospel to all peoples and creatures in the world. Jesus is represented inside a mandorla, larger than the other characters because the Hierarchical proportions were still evident back then. And he is really elegant, sat on a throne with the knees on the side in the attempt of giving the idea of perspective and the cloth is patiently carved. 🎬 learn more: https://youtu.be/3p7ngmwF-40 #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #Vézelay #vezelaytourisme #vezelayabbey #basilica #france #francia #francecathedrals #sculpture #sculptureart #sculpturelovers #sculptureartist #exploring_art_with_alessandro #architecture #architecturelovers #romanesque #romanesquearchitecture #romanesqueart #romanesquechurch
"Chalk Cliffs on Rügen", Caspar David Friedrich, "Chalk Cliffs on Rügen", Caspar David Friedrich, 1818, oil on canvas, 90,5×71 cm (35.6×27.9 in) Kunst Museum Winterthur – Reinhart am Stadtgarten, Switzerland 🎨 This painting is a "picture" that Friedrich took on the island of Rügen while he undertook an excursion with his wife and his brother Christian. Friedrich got married with Christiane Caroline Bommer in January 1818 and during the honeymoon, in July and August 1818, they visited differente places and the island was one of them. It was a famous lookout point and in the painting Friedrich depicted probably himself in the middle with his wife on the left. A fun fact: his wife was about 20 years younger. #art #arthistory #art_history #historyart #exploring_art_with_alessandro #ancienthistory #romanticism #romanticismpainting #romanticismpainter #chalkcliffs #caspardavidfriedrich #friedrich #painting #paintings #oilpainting #oiloncanvas #oiloncanvaspainting #kunstmusuem #switzerland #switzerlandpictures #switzerland_destinations
Load More... Follow on Instagram

Categories

  • Terms and Conditions
  • Privacy Policy
  • Cookie Policy
Facebook Instagram Youtube
Copyright 2023
Close Menu
  • Posts
  • Painting
    • 4000 BC – 400 AD ANCIENT ART
      • Mesopotamian Art painting
      • Ancient Egyptian painting
      • Ancient Greek painting
    • 1700 BC – 476 AD ROMAN ART
      • Ancient Roman painting
    • 476 – 1400 MEDIEVAL ART
      • Romanesque painting
      • Gothic/Medieval painting
    • 1400 -1600 RENAISSANCE
      • Renaissance painting
    • 1600 – 1780 BAROQUE
      • Baroque painting
    • 1750-1900 Modern Art overture
      • Romanticism
  • Sculpture
    • 4000 B.C. – 400 A.D. ANCIENT ART
      • Mesopotamian Art sculpture
      • Ancient Egyptian sculpture
      • Ancient Greek sculpture
    • 1700 BC – 476 AD ROMAN ART
      • Ancient Roman sculpture
    • 476 – 1400 MEDIEVAL ART
      • Romanesque sculpture
      • Gothic/Medieval sculpture
    • 1400 -1600 RENAISSANCE
      • Renaissance sculpture
    • 1600 – 1780 BAROQUE
      • Baroque sculpture
  • Architecture
    • 4000 BC – 400 AD ANCIENT ART
      • Mesopotamian Art architecture
      • Ancient Egyptian architecture
      • Ancient Greek architecture
    • 1700 BC – 476 AD ROMAN ART
      • Ancient Roman architecture
    • 476 – 1400 MEDIEVAL ART
      • Romanesque architecture
      • Gothic/Medieval architecture
    • 1400 -1600 RENAISSANCE
      • Renaissance architecture
    • 1600 – 1780 BAROQUE
      • Baroque architecture
  • Timeline
    • Timeline – Ancient Roman Art
    • Timeline Renaissance
    • Timeline Baroque
  • Contact
  • Glossary
We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking “Accept”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies.
.
Cookie SettingsAcceptReject All
Manage consent

Privacy Overview

This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.
Necessary
Always Enabled
Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously.
CookieDurationDescription
cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional11 monthsThe cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-others11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".
viewed_cookie_policy11 monthsThe cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.
Functional
Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features.
Performance
Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors.
Analytics
Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.
Advertisement
Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads.
Others
Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet.
SAVE & ACCEPT

Don`t miss any news!

/ ( mm / dd )
* indicates required

close